A dissertation is a detailed piece of academic writing that requires original research and is submitted as part of a doctoral, master, or bachelor’s degree. A dissertation is probably the most extended piece of academic writing students undertake. It’s probably one of the most challenging projects students write. The aim of the project is to test the research and analysis skills used by the students.

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The structure of a dissertation                                                                                                  

The following is the structure of a dissertation:

Title page

The title page is crucial since it introduces the research topic and focuses on the reader. The subject of the research includes the general area of research, while the focus specifies the item of your research. A good title should be clear, specific, descriptive, and relevant to the research you have done. It’s crucial to format the claim according to the set guidelines of your respective field.

Acknowledgments

The acknowledgment section usually not more than one page appears after the title page and before the abstract. This is where you recognize those who have contributed and supported you directly or indirectly during the research and writing process. The acknowledgments could be both personal and professional. However, you should follow the rules and guidelines concerning the acknowledgments to include.

Abstract

An abstract is a summary of the whole paper that highlights the purpose, main ideas, methods used, conclusion, and the significance of the research. The best way to come up with an excellent abstract is by writing it last once you are sure of what you are summarizing. You can also start by writing an abstract to help you highlight the main points in your research, the outcome, and the purpose of the research. Moreover, beginning with an abstract will potentially act as a guide in the structuring of your dissertation.

Table of contents

Table of contents section where you list the chapters and major sections of your dissertation as well their page numbers. A good table of content should be clear, concise and well-formatted to guide the reader about the contents of each section of the paper

List of figures and tables

A list of figures and tables is used if your dissertation contains several figures and tables. It allows the reader to find various illustrations, figures, and tables quickly. You should make sure the list of figures and tables lists all the tables and figures in a clear and well-organized format.

List of abbreviations

A list of abbreviations section is used if you have used many abbreviations in your dissertations. You should create a list of all abbreviations and their definitions in alphabetical order.

Glossary

A glossary is a list of all technical terms that an average reader may not be familiar with or understand. Make a list of all the technical terms in alphabetical order and provide a short explanation.

Introduction

The primary introduction’s purpose is to expand on the material summarized in the abstract. A good introduction provides background information and specifies the aim of the research. You should make sure focus and stretch of your research problem are balanced not too narrow or too broad to ensure its clarity. Your introduction should also demonstrate the relevance and significance of the research. All the information in the introduction should be clear, engaging, and relevant.

The literature review and theoretical framework

A literature review is an overall overview of previous research on a topic. It involves a collection of the most relevant and crucial sources on that particular topic to provide a comprehensive overview. Make sure your sources are undisputed and current. Provide an analysis of the information collected from the various sources. It’s crucial to make sure you justify the reasons for your research.

Methodology

This is where all the methods and techniques used to collect data on the research topic are discussed in a detailed report. You will need to be clear and precise on how you conducted the research and how the findings have helped you address the research problem. It’s also important to state when and where the research was conducted.

Results

In this section, you provide your research outcomes that are relevant to your research questions or problems. It should not include any interpretation of the data.

Discussion

This is where you interpret and explain the results or outcomes of your study. Use clear statements that address your research question or problem. Discuss the implications of your research in and show new insights and the significance they have in the respective field. It’s essential to show your reader the contributions of your research and why they should care. The discussion should also acknowledge the obstacles that were encountered during the research process and evaluate the impact they had in achieving the aim of the study.

Conclusions

Your conclusion should provide a summary of the main points made in your arguments to ensure the reader has a clear understanding of the research. The conclusion should identify possible gaps in the study and offer relevant solutions. In this section, it’s crucial to show the importance of your research in the field and also provide recommendations for future research on the particular field.

References

Full details of all the sources you cited must be included here. It’s crucial to list all your references using a consistent citation style.

Appendices

In this section, documents that you have used but are not included in the main body of your essay can be added as appendices. The documents can be interview transcripts or survey questions.

 

Citation and reference mistakes can ruin a well-crafted article or essay. Something as simple as an incorrectly placed period or comma can ruin or change the meaning of your sentences. When writing a research paper, attention to detail is the key to composing authentic and successful essays. Quality citations and references increase your chances to score higher grades. Incomplete or incorrectly used citation and reference styles can be considered a form of plagiarism.

The following are a common reference and citation mistakes and how you can avoid them:

Incorrect placement of periods and commas

The comma ensures clarity in a sentence but is the most misused punctuation mark in writing. Incorrect or unnecessary use of commas makes sentences confusing and challenging to read. Missing commas in long sentences make it hard to read and understand the information being conveyed by the writer. Commas should be used to separate large pieces of information into small portions that make sense to the reader. Avoid using commas to separate two subjects doing similar things.

Neglecting to make citations when paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is rewriting something in your own words. It’s essential for students since it shows you have done the research and you understand about a subject to write it in your words. One of the most common mistakes writers make is forgetting to put citations during paraphrasing. Even though you are writing content in your words, it’s crucial to use the right quotes since you are still getting information from another person’s work. Citation is essential since it helps you as a writer to avoid plagiarism that can have detrimental effects on your academic performance.

Making unnecessary citations

Most students make the overuse of citations in their writing. In the process of trying to avoid plagiarism, many writers tend to overdo the use of citations. Information that is common knowledge does not require citations. Instead of putting the same citation after every sentence in a paragraph, you can use citation at the end of the paragraph if the entire information is from the same source.

Being inconsistent in the citation style

With many citation styles available, many writers end up making the mistake of using different citation formats in the same writing piece. It’s crucial to maintain the same citation style throughout your paper.

Lack of not knowing the difference between citations and references.

It can be hard for many writers to differentiate between citations and references. Citations are placed in the paper’s body with direct quotes, the author, and the publication you retrieved the information. References come at the end of your article. References should be included to explain where the citation information was acquired. There would be no relevance of references if the citation were not included.

Forgetting page numbers

When citing, it’s crucial to include the page number of the book or long article you gathered. This is essential as it will be easier for readers to look up the information from the exact page number you provided.

Forgetting web addresses

In this modern era, the internet has proven to be a source of most information. You can almost certainly find anything on the internet since lots of data is continually being added. Most writers fail to provide the web addresses that they got their information, therefore, lacking credibility in their work. It’s crucial to include the relevant web addresses and links assisted in your research. This will help you avoid plagiarism and increase the reliability and credibility of your work.

Mangling spelling

When writing, some words can be challenging to spell and write. However, you should not write words that you don’t understand the correct spelling. Learn to write down the words correctly and their proper use in writing the paper. Incorrectly spelled terms may change the meaning of the information you are writing and undermine its credibility.

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In essay writing, an introduction describes the scope of an article or essay and gives a summary of the content. A strong introduction is informative and engaging. Writing a strong introduction is not an easy task since it requires a combination of creativity and good writing skills. A strong beginning draws the attention of your readers, provides background information on your topic, and reveals your essay’s purpose.

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Characteristics of a strong introduction

Characteristics of a strong introduction include:

• A strong start should contain eye-catching phrases that will draw the attention of the readers.
• Provide supporting points in a logical order that leads to the main ideas. The points and main ideas need to be supported by relevant facts and evidence.
• Highlight your main ideas or thoughts and show the aim and relevance of writing your essay.
• Provide background information or data that will enlighten and make your readers understand your subject and its significance.
• Should be organised logically, clear, concise, and specific.

Guidelines for writing a strong introduction

The following guidelines will help you come up with a compelling and robust beginning;

• Draw the attention of your reader

The first words in an essay can attract or repel the attention of the reader. Therefore, it’s essential to take your time in formulating a strong introduction sentence. A clear, concise, and attractive introduction will hook your readers and spark their interest in reading the rest of the paper. An eye-catching beginning may start with a surprising fact, quotation, or question.

An attention-drawing introduction doesn’t have to be complicated or sophisticated, but the first sentences should be attractive enough to lead the reader into the main essay. The beginning sentences should state a bold claim that explains the importance of the topic. The sentences should not be too long but clear and specific.

• Contextualise your topic

A strong introduction relays background information so that the readers can have an accurate and more in-depth understanding of your topic of discussion. Explaining your problem may include historical, geological, and social contents.  Additionally, it defines terms that the readers may not understand.

You should provide clearly defined and relevant ideas or arguments. It’s best to avoid giving too many details that may be explained in your essay’s main body. A strong beginning needs to relay relevant information that shows the relationship between the main ideas and the topic.

• Establish your purpose and position

Establishing a purpose for writing is narrowing your focus and showing the aim of your essay. Creating a purpose for writing is essential in providing the direction your essay will take. The use of an introduction may be to: reflect your ideas, inform, persuade, or to evaluate. Determining your paper’s purpose will make essay writing a lot easier and smoother since you will have a sense of direction.

The purpose of your essay is conveyed in the thesis statement. The thesis statement highlights the focus and aim of your paper by using clear, concise, and specific words. The thesis statement shows the position and direction the essay will take. A strong thesis statement will provide a strong basis for your arguments and ideas.

• Edit and proof-read

After you finish writing your essay, you should make sure you revise and edit your work to eliminate all the errors. You should make sure the information in the introduction relates to the information in the main body of the essay. Your introduction should include primary and relevant information. It’s best to write your introduction last since the scope of your research or ideas may change. Good editing will make sure your introduction is clear, well-structured, focused, and relevant. The primary function of editing is to ensure the ideas, thoughts, and viewpoints of the writer are conveyed in the best way possible.

Paraphrasing is rewriting the meaning of something using different words or in your own words. Paraphrasing is not an easy task as it requires finding relevant information, understanding the purpose of the information, and interpreting it using other words without losing its meaning. While paraphrasing involves interpreting information in other terms, proper citation of sources is required since the data is from another author’s work.

Proper citation, while paraphrasing, is crucial since it will help you avoid the plagiarism trap that may occur intentionally or unintentionally. However, a citation will not help you avoid plagiarism, but correct and appropriate citation will. You must ensure you document your sources appropriately using the proper style guide. Improper use of citations and wrong style guide will not help you escape plagiarism.

Rephrasing is acceptable if you understand and interpret information from other materials and adding correct citations at the end of a sentence or paragraph. Therefore, it’s not fair to copy information from another source and slightly change some few words or use synonyms.

The main aim of paraphrasing is to show you understand the information you have to write it in your own words. It’s crucial for writers to completely understand how to correctly rephrase content to avoid unintentional plagiarism. If you find it challenging to compose original essays, seek help from unemployed professors for the best essay writing services.

The below guidelines will guide a writer in the proper use of paraphrasing.

The dos of paraphrasing

• Understanding when to quote and when to rephrase

When quoting, you should use the exact words from other materials, whereas paraphrasing, you use the author’s idea but put it in your own words. It’s essential to know when to quote and when to paraphrase. Use direct quotes when it’s more likely to be accurate than paraphrasing or when you need to use the author’s exact words. Use paraphrasing when the meaning of the information is more important than the exact words used by the author. The idea and thoughts from other sources should be the same except the language or sentence structure.

• Understand the purpose of paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is not just about rewriting ideas and thoughts from other sources into your own words. When paraphrasing, you need to show that you completely understand the meaning or concept from other sources to write it in your language and unique style while also adding the relevant citations of the paraphrased material. Rephrasing is often used to simplify the author’s ideas into a language that is clear and easy to understand. You should paraphrase words that are key and relevant to your purpose.

• Understand the content you are paraphrasing.

When rephrasing, it’s essential to understand the information you are paraphrasing to avoid misinterpretation of another author’s ideas. It’s also crucial to understand the meaning of the data to avoid sounding similar to the original material.

The don’ts of paraphrasing

• Avoid paraphrasing by relying too much on the thesaurus

A thesaurus is a reference material that lists the synonyms and words with related concepts. Most students make the mistake of using the thesaurus to change or swap with synonyms to sound different from the source. Most students end up patch-writing that involves making small changes from the source, which is a form of plagiarism. Make sure to avoid patch-writing and understand the meaning of the original work to effectively translate it into your style.

• Don’t forget to include quotation marks.

Directly quoted words copied from another source should be enclosed in quotation marks. Copying words directly without including quotation marks is a form of plagiarism, which is a severe offense. If the quotation used is more than three sentences, it should be block indented without quotation marks. Using quotations is crucial since you acknowledge the information used is not yours.

• Don’t change the original meaning.

When rephrasing, avoid changing the original meaning of the information from other sources. You should only change the language or sentence structure but not the original idea or meaning of the information you have acquired from another author. The central concept is to understand the content and relay it in other words, while still sticking to the original idea or thoughts.

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Writing concisely is using as few words as possible to relay an idea or information. Reading wordy or very long sentences can be exhausting, stressful, and tedious. Very long sentences can be hard for readers to identify the main points making it difficult to understand the point you are trying to communicate. Readers end up disappointed, trying to extract key points in crammed up long sentences or paragraphs. Writing concisely requires accurate and specific information.

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Importance of concise writing

• Increased quality in your writing

Writing many words that can be written in just a few words can make your work less exciting and hard to understand. You need to strengthen the quality of your work by removing unnecessary adverbs, modifiers, and vocabulary. Your aim should be to use fewer but reliable words to ensure your article is clear and easy to understand.

• Increased effectiveness

Using simple and clear language increases the effectiveness of your writing. Readers can understand and relate to your ideas quickly. You need to choose the best words that are less sophisticated to ensure readers don’t struggle to read and interpret your message.

• Makes your writing fascinating

Many readers get tired and bored, trying to obtain the main ideas in very long pieces of information. Other readers have very little time to go through and analyze large chunks of information. Therefore, keeping your writing concise will make it short and specific. A brief and precise essay will keep your readers captivated, fascinated, and engaged in your ideas.

• Makes writing easy to interpret

Using sophisticated language and complex terms will make your writing difficult to grasp and interpret. It will leave your readers requiring clarification for better understanding making your work less engaging and unreliable. Writing information using clear and concise language will leave your readers with less room for interpretation and reference.

Guidelines for concise writing

There are various guidelines students can follow to ensure their writing is clear, concise, and easy to understand and interpret. The guidelines include:

• Eliminate unnecessary words

When writing or after writing, it’s crucial to eliminate words that are too obvious. Therefore, it’s essential to remove additional details. Remove words that are less effective or less relevant to your main ideas or thoughts. Unnecessary words and phrases that don’t add any meaning or support your main points make your work crammed up and wordy.

• Omit redundant pair of words and phrases

Redundant words are unnecessary since it repeats the meaning of the other word. Writing concisely requires one to avoid many pairs of expressions that imply each other. Examples of redundant words include the result, history, essential essentials, gifts, and others. Redundant phrases include red in color, large in size, round in shape, and others.

• Stay on point

Many writers veer off the main points with needles and additional information that undermines the clarity and purpose of their content. Using specific and relevant language will help you stay on point and focused on your writing. Moreover, sticking to the central ideas or concepts will keep your readers engaged and focused on your content.

• Eliminate filler words

Filler words add no meaning or value to a sentence, and their primary purpose is to fill space. Filler words do your writing too long, making your reader feel bored and disappointed.  Examples of filler words include: very, really, needless to say, for what it’s worth, in my humble opinion, among others.

• Strengthen weak adjective

You can reduce long sentences by using powerful and descriptive adjectives. Strong adjectives are adjectives that are used to replace using very + an ordinary adjective. Strong adjectives are used to describe the qualities of something. Weak adjectives are not clear about the noun they are describing.  Examples of replacing a weak adjective with a strong adjective include; very upsetting-devastating, very beautiful-gorgeous, very scary-horrific, and others.

The key to composing a concise essay is to stay on point and deliver your content using the fewest but relevant words.